Identifying the Literary Harmful A comparative Study between the Jordanian Civilian Law and the Egyptian One) PDF |
| Basel Mohamed Yousef Qabha |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ali Al - Sartawi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 140 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study aims at identifying the compensation for the literary harmful in the Jordanian and Egyptian laws as comparative study. Also, it identifies the compensation for the literary harmful according to the Islamic - French jurisprudence related to the subject. The study has been divided into three chapters: The first chapter identifies the literary harm and the principle of the full compensation. The chapter contains three sections. The first one deals the conception of the compensation and its identification in three subs -sections; the first one tracks the meaning of compensation in the language, in the second connotative meaning. The second sub-section deals with the literary harm according to the law, legislative and judicature. This sub- suction has three branches titled as the following: the compensation for literary harm in law, legislative and judicature. The third sub-suction deals with the compensation for literary harm in Islamic jurisprudence and law. This sub - section has been divided into three branches, the first one identifying the meaning of the compensation; the second one identifying the compensation as guarantee according to the scholars; the third one identifying the compensation in the civilian law. The second section deals with the literary harms and its conditions. Also, it is divided into to branches, the first one deals with the conditions of the literary harms in five parts, the first one contains the necessity of the occurred literary harm; the second should be directly, the third should be personally, the fourth should have damages with the literary interest and the fifth contains that the compensation for the harm should not occurred before. The final section deals with the complete compensation under three branches; the first one contains the harmony between the harm elements; the second one contains the judge authority when establishing the compensation; the third one deals with the literary and financial compensation. The second chapter deals with the role of compensation. This chapter is divided into three sections; the first one contains the compensation as punishment. This subject has been discussed in two ways; the punishment in ancient laws and the punishment according to ancient Roman and French laws. The second section contains the reformative role of the compensation according to the judge role and the scholars' attitude about this subject. The third section discusses the differences of the compensation according to the harm kinds in two ways; the compensation of financial harms and non-financial harms. The third chapter deals with the legal foundation of the compensation for harm in three sections; the first section deals with the legal foundation of the compensation for harm according to the Islamic jurisprudence in two ways; not guarantee of the literary harm and the guarantee of the literary harm according to the Islamic jurisprudence. The second section deals with the literary harm in the Jordanian law in two ways; the first way discuses the compensation under the contraction responsibility which has two branches; according the Jordanian law and according the Jordanian judicature. The second way deals with the compensation for literal harm according to thy negligent responsibility. The third section deals with the compensation for literary harm in the Egyptian law in two ways; according to the French law and according to the Egyptian civilian law. Also, it deals with the compensation under the contraction responsibility and the negligent responsibility. The study concludes that the main deference about non compensation for the literary harm is the financial compensation .Also, it concludes that the literary harm has two sides; concrete and abstract side. Furthermore, the literary harm should be compensated if its conditions have been achieved under the civilian responsibility. |
Wednesday, February 3, 2010
Identifying the Literary Harmful A comparative Study between the Jordanian Civilian Law and the Egyptian One)
Identifying the Literary Harmful A comparative Study between the Jordanian Civilian Law and the Egyptian One)
Identifying the Literary Harmful A comparative Study between the Jordanian Civilian Law and the Egyptian One) PDF |
| Basel Mohamed Yousef Qabha |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ali Al - Sartawi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 140 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study aims at identifying the compensation for the literary harmful in the Jordanian and Egyptian laws as comparative study. Also, it identifies the compensation for the literary harmful according to the Islamic - French jurisprudence related to the subject. The study has been divided into three chapters: The first chapter identifies the literary harm and the principle of the full compensation. The chapter contains three sections. The first one deals the conception of the compensation and its identification in three subs -sections; the first one tracks the meaning of compensation in the language, in the second connotative meaning. The second sub-section deals with the literary harm according to the law, legislative and judicature. This sub- suction has three branches titled as the following: the compensation for literary harm in law, legislative and judicature. The third sub-suction deals with the compensation for literary harm in Islamic jurisprudence and law. This sub - section has been divided into three branches, the first one identifying the meaning of the compensation; the second one identifying the compensation as guarantee according to the scholars; the third one identifying the compensation in the civilian law. The second section deals with the literary harms and its conditions. Also, it is divided into to branches, the first one deals with the conditions of the literary harms in five parts, the first one contains the necessity of the occurred literary harm; the second should be directly, the third should be personally, the fourth should have damages with the literary interest and the fifth contains that the compensation for the harm should not occurred before. The final section deals with the complete compensation under three branches; the first one contains the harmony between the harm elements; the second one contains the judge authority when establishing the compensation; the third one deals with the literary and financial compensation. The second chapter deals with the role of compensation. This chapter is divided into three sections; the first one contains the compensation as punishment. This subject has been discussed in two ways; the punishment in ancient laws and the punishment according to ancient Roman and French laws. The second section contains the reformative role of the compensation according to the judge role and the scholars' attitude about this subject. The third section discusses the differences of the compensation according to the harm kinds in two ways; the compensation of financial harms and non-financial harms. The third chapter deals with the legal foundation of the compensation for harm in three sections; the first section deals with the legal foundation of the compensation for harm according to the Islamic jurisprudence in two ways; not guarantee of the literary harm and the guarantee of the literary harm according to the Islamic jurisprudence. The second section deals with the literary harm in the Jordanian law in two ways; the first way discuses the compensation under the contraction responsibility which has two branches; according the Jordanian law and according the Jordanian judicature. The second way deals with the compensation for literal harm according to thy negligent responsibility. The third section deals with the compensation for literary harm in the Egyptian law in two ways; according to the French law and according to the Egyptian civilian law. Also, it deals with the compensation under the contraction responsibility and the negligent responsibility. The study concludes that the main deference about non compensation for the literary harm is the financial compensation .Also, it concludes that the literary harm has two sides; concrete and abstract side. Furthermore, the literary harm should be compensated if its conditions have been achieved under the civilian responsibility. |
Optimal Operation Strategy and Economic Analysis of Rural Electrification of Atouf Village by Electric Network, Diesel Generator and Photovoltaic Syst
Optimal Operation Strategy and Economic Analysis of Rural Electrification of Atouf Village by Electric Network, Diesel Generator and Photovoltaic System PDF |
| Eng. Asma Mufeed Ibraheem Yasin |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Imad Ibrik - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1. Dr. Imad Ibrik (Supervisor 2. Dr. Abd-Alkareem Dawood (External Examiner) 3. Prof. Marwan Mahmoud (Internal Examiner) |
| 136 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This thesis describes the optimal operation and economic analysis of rural electrification of Atouf village by electric network, diesel generator and photovoltaic system, and also the design and testing of an 11.7 kWp PV system and summarizes its performance results after the first 6 months of operation. This system functions as a stand-alone power system used to supply electricity for Atouf village. The system is comprised of the following components. An array consist of PV modules produced from polycrystalline solar cell of 130W, making up a total peak power of 11.7 kW. In addition, there is one inverter of 7.2 kW, and an energy storage system of 120 kWh. After the first 6 months of system operation from December 2007 to May 2008, it was found that all the components and the overall system had worked efficiently. In total, the system had generated during this period about 7596 kWh, average solar radiation in this period about 4.67kWh/m2-day, daily input solar energy of the total system surface was 390.5kWh, and the average electricity production per day was 46.11kW. From the economical view point, photovoltaic energy system differ from conventional energy systems in that they have high initial cost and low operating costs. This study shows that the unit cost of the PV system is 2.69 NIS/kWh which is less than that of the diesel generator systems in Atouf village. |
Energy Management Procedures and Audit Results of Electrical, Thermal and Solar Applications in Hospitals Sector in Palestine
Energy Management Procedures and Audit Results of Electrical, Thermal and Solar Applications in Hospitals Sector in Palestine PDF |
| Bashar Adli Shukri Da'as |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Imad Hatem Ibrik - د. وليد الكخن |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1. Dr. Imad Hatem Ibrik (Supervisor) 2. Dr. Waleed Al Kokhon (Co-Supervisor) 3. Dr. Osama Omari (External Examiner) 4. Dr. Abdel Raheem Safa (Internal Examiner) |
| 164 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Hospitals and hospital buildings are large consumers of energy, which they use in many different ways. In this thesis we have successfully proved that there is a huge potential of energy savings in the Palestinian hospitals sector (10-25%) by implementing some energy conservation measures (no and low cost investment) on the most energy consumption equipment such as boilers, oxygen generation units, air conditioning, lighting systems, solar water heaters and others. The efficient use of energy and energy management in Palestinian hospitals is not in a better condition than most developing countries. Thus we tried to establish a pace toward the efficient use of energy and energy management in hospitals through conducting several energy audits in some different hospitals where lighting, air-conditioning, oxygen generation units, power factor or other service levels can be reduced without detriment to comfort or health care. We have achieved average total savings of 17% for hospitals, and 14%, 43% and 17% for cooling and heating, oxygen generation units, power factor correction and 5% for lighting systems, respectively. |
Energy Management Procedures and Audit Results of Electrical, Thermal and Solar Applications in Hospitals Sector in Palestine
Energy Management Procedures and Audit Results of Electrical, Thermal and Solar Applications in Hospitals Sector in Palestine PDF |
| Bashar Adli Shukri Da'as |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Imad Hatem Ibrik - د. وليد الكخن |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1. Dr. Imad Hatem Ibrik (Supervisor) 2. Dr. Waleed Al Kokhon (Co-Supervisor) 3. Dr. Osama Omari (External Examiner) 4. Dr. Abdel Raheem Safa (Internal Examiner) |
| 164 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Hospitals and hospital buildings are large consumers of energy, which they use in many different ways. In this thesis we have successfully proved that there is a huge potential of energy savings in the Palestinian hospitals sector (10-25%) by implementing some energy conservation measures (no and low cost investment) on the most energy consumption equipment such as boilers, oxygen generation units, air conditioning, lighting systems, solar water heaters and others. The efficient use of energy and energy management in Palestinian hospitals is not in a better condition than most developing countries. Thus we tried to establish a pace toward the efficient use of energy and energy management in hospitals through conducting several energy audits in some different hospitals where lighting, air-conditioning, oxygen generation units, power factor or other service levels can be reduced without detriment to comfort or health care. We have achieved average total savings of 17% for hospitals, and 14%, 43% and 17% for cooling and heating, oxygen generation units, power factor correction and 5% for lighting systems, respectively. |
Simulation of a Hybrid Power System Consisting of Wind Turbine, PV, Storage Battery and Diesel Generator with Compensation Network: Design Optimizatio
Simulation of a Hybrid Power System Consisting of Wind Turbine, PV, Storage Battery and Diesel Generator with Compensation Network: Design Optimization and Economical Evaluation PDF |
| Mahmoud Salah Ismail Abdel-Qader |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Dr. Marwan Mahmoud - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1- Prof. Dr Marwan Mahmoud (Supervisor) 2- Dr. Imad Ibrik (Internal Examinar) 3- Dr. Abdel-Karim Daud ( External Examinar) |
| 196 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Hybrid power systems based on new and renewable energy sources, especially photovoltaic and wind energy, are an effective option to solve the power-supply problem for remote and isolated areas far from the grids. Microsoft Excel software programming package is used to analyze data measurements for both wind and solar radiation measurements for the two locations in Palestine (Ramallah and Nablus). Results of analysis illustrate that energy density available in wind for Ramallah site is about 2008 kWh/m2.year, while it is 927 kWh/m2.year for Nablus site, and the daily average of solar radiation intensity on horizontal surface is about 5.4 kWh/m2 .day. A Matlab software package is used to develop a simulation program to simulate different scenarios of operation of the hybrid system by making energy balance calculations on an hourly basis for each of the 8760 hours in a year and then to choose the appropriate sizes of the different components for the most optimum scenario. The optimization is based on cost of generation. Results of the simulation illustrate that the most economic scenario is the scenario that uses a hybrid system mainly dependent on wind. Cost of energy (COE) in this scenario is 1.28 NIS/kWh. Other scenarios dependent on wind-only hybrid system, PV-only hybrid system, wind stand-alone system, PV stand-alone system, or diesel only, give results of COE greater than this value. The amount of CO2 produced as a result of operation of the wind-PV hybrid system is very small compared with that produced as a result of operation of the diesel only. This is a very important environmental issue that shall be considered and not ignored. It was concluded that none of the hybrid system scenarios analyzed could presently be justified on COE basis, compared to the alternative of simply purchasing electricity from the grid where the COE is 0.70 NIS/kWh. Considering not electrified far from grid remote areas, changes in electricity prices, subsidy levels, costs for renewable energy equipment, or taking into account environmental considerations might alter the position in the future.
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The Legal Nature of Arbitration award, Its Effects and Appeal Mechanisms Comparative Study
The Legal Nature of Arbitration award, Its Effects and Appeal Mechanisms Comparative Study PDF |
| Ashjan Faisal Shukri Daoud |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr.Ghassan Khaled - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 190 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
ABSTRACT The legal nature of the arbitration award has always been the cause of jurisprudential controversy. Four different theories were put foreword in this field. The first is the theory of contract which argues that this award is necessarily contractual based on the will of the conflicting parties which is the source of authority of the tribunal. This will determines which procedures to be followed by this body in conflict resolution. The award which will end this dispute is binding for them since it is one of the effects of the arbitration agreement. When the parties finalize this agreement, they are committed to conducting it with all its implications, including the implementation of the arbitration award. The agreement is the basis for determining the legal nature of the system of arbitration and awards it will pronounce. Second is the judicial theory: it argues that an arbitration award is based on the same judicial function of the judge. The award that this body pronounces is of judicial nature. It is similar to it in many ways, both in terms of procedures under which it is declared or conditions that should be taken into account when declaring it or its effects. However, the difference between the arbitrator and judge is that the first is a private judge achieving private justice and the second is a general judge achieving general justice. This entails that the private judge does not enjoy the full powers of the general Judge. The third is a combination that brings together the two previous theories and argues that the arbitration is a compromise between the contract and the judiciary. It is a mixed system that starts with a contract and ends in an arbitration award. The nature of this system requires the implementation of both the norms of the contract and the rules of the judicial system. The fourth is the private or independent theory, which believes that the arbitration provision is of special nature that requires consideration of a mechanism independent of the contract and the judiciary. Hence. It is not possible to determine its legal nature by either or both. This controversy has had its impact on the position of Palestinian, Jordanian and Egyptian law, given the absence of a legal text that defines this nature. Effects The award of arbitration has legal effects on the tribunal who pronounced it as their obligation to deliver this award to the opponents so that they can exercise the rights conferred upon them by law. It also results in the exhaustion of its mandate, which prevents them from reconsidering the award which was definitely finalized. Pronouncing the arbitration award ends the judicial role of the arbitration. However, this rule has its exceptions which allow the tribunal authority to interpret the award, correct any mistakes, omit or add additional requests to the award. Other implications for the parties to the conflict, is the finalization of the case, which prevents them from resorting to legal action or arbitration in order to reconsider the conflict, in addition to their voluntary commitment to implement the provisions of the award. In case they fail to implement them, they can resort to the competent court to order the execution. Appeal As for appeal against the award , the Palestinian Arbitration law proposes that an appeal could be made by providing a request to annul the award on causes which are specifically identified. Some of these, have to do with the arbitration agreement and its parties. Others are related to the procedures of passing an award of arbitration. So, the appeal should be submitted to the competent court within thirty days following the date of the award if the award was pronounced in the presence of all parties or the day after the date of notification if was pronounced in absentia. If the court decides to reject that request, it acknowledges the truth of award and its validity to be implemented. On the other hand, if it finds grounds for the appeal, it would annul the award.
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The Rules of the Compensation for Work Injuries at Palestinian Labor Law: Comparative study
The Rules of the Compensation for Work Injuries at Palestinian Labor Law: Comparative study PDF |
| Manar Hilmi Abdallh Adawi |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr: Hussein Mashaqi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 184 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study aimed to identify all topics related work injuries whether legislation or jurisprudence or eliminate, using the analytical comparative among method the many laws and regulations.
The study is a serious attempt to meet the shortfall in previous studies on this subject, which made me look at many of legislation, regulations and resolutions, to analyze the provisions of the Labor Law and the Palestinian statement its pros and through comparison, as well as to clarify ambiguities and deficiencies in the existing provisions .
This research includes two chapters : chapter I divided into three Detectives thesis dealt with in the first basic responsibility of a compensation for work injuries and compensation within the scientific study of legal jurisprudence detailed and progression and evolution fiqh in this matter impartial, It then moved to the second thesis clarified the scope of responsibility and the absence thereof and forgiveness, then separated in the third thesis concept work accidents and injuries rationale for the guarantee, namely : an occupational illness and road accident, accident, stress and fatigue shown by-case basis, in terms of its concept and conditions and components, to know when considered each case the previous injury, and the proof of this matter.
Chapter II focused on : procedures to be followed in case of injury where text of the legislation Palestinian and Jordanian and Egyptian expressly procedures to be followed in case of injury, leaving the matter to the doctrine and diligence in order to protect the workers, Rather, it was the Ministry of Labor to supplement the texts of laws setting-for example - means ambulance due Availability in the workplace, and the availability of information due to notices sent by the employer to the Ministry of Labor. Turning in the second thesis to the obligations of the employer, and of the duty of industrial injury insurance and medical treatment and to transport the injured to the Center for treatment, and transition expenses of the injured to the place of treatment, and the third thesis is the centerpiece, which is based upon research, The ultimate goal sought by the worker or his heirs, and to obtain compensation, whether in the event of death or disability than me to the division of this research to several demands, the first requirement Search of the daily disruption in concept and nature and the mechanism of self and wage approved for him.
The second requirement and the third Vikelmet them on the macro and micro disability and death allowances, and all provisions relating thereto, and synchronize with the topic of another medical committees and their role in determining the proportion of the deficit. Terminated research scholarships in the fourth revolves around guarantees for the protection of worker rights and settlement mechanism rights, and consequences of the sanctions for breach of the employer's obligations. One of the most significant findings : 1 - There is ambiguity and lack opposes significant provisions of the Labor Code Palestinian and Jordanian well. 2 - The Insurance Act provided greater protection for workers in many respects, 3 - reflect reality theoretical and practical failure of the Palestinian Ministry of Labor, where they have not passed all regulations to complement the Labor Law, especially for work-related injuries but few, as well as ignorance of the laborers of Palestine labor law and the rights deriving them. One of the most important recommendations of the work must be to speed up the application of the Social Security Act, as it provides greater protection for workers, especially in the context of work injuries, and then suggested the establishment of a special fund for compensation for work injuries in Palestine similar to the compensation fund road accidents. |
Fraud Crime (Comparative Study)
Fraud Crime (Comparative Study) PDF |
| Mohammed Hisham Saleh A. Fattah |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Nael Taha - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 113 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract
This study talks about one of Money Crime, which is Fraud, in the light of Punitive Law and some of Penaltive Laws, where it is contained in three chapters. The first chapter talked about the definition through identifying Fraud by Law and Prudence, and explained the aspects of Fraud Crime, as it is a money crime, with a mental nature, based upon changing reality, as it is also intentional, with a basic role for the victim’s will. The study looked into the common rules between Fraud, Burglary, and Mistrust, pointing also the differences between Criminal Fraud, Civil Fraud and forgery. The second chapter was allocated to talk about the elements of the Fraud Crime; it looked into the material element, and pointed out the criminal act in Fraud, through demonstrating fraud means and methods. Using false names, or false status, or using money or real estate illegally, and found that lie is the Core of Fraud, but alone it doesn’t stand, as it should be supported by external demonstrations, as being supported by a third party confirming the criminal’s false allegation, misuse of status, or through pretending in order to support the criminal’s false allegations. After explaining the methods, the purpose of these methods was presented as defined by some legislations, as it is the illusion of the presence of a false project, and the illusion of the presence of a false act, intended for raising hope in making an un-realistic profit, and also creating hope in paying back the amount seized by fraud, beside the illusion of the existence of a false or forged receipt of debt or clearance. I also explained the second method of fraud which is using false status or name, as it is a method that stands alone. Without any external appearances, I also explained the third method of fraud which is using money or real estate illegally, where it is stipulated that the money is not owned by the criminal and has no right in using it. The second element in the materialistic aspect of Fraud Crime is the criminal result in handing over the money to the criminal, where the ill-will of the victim is towards delivering the money. The cause-effect relation was also explained between the criminal act and the result, and to get this done, fraud and money delivery, fraud act has to get the victim fall in the problem, and the problem which the victim fells in, is the cause behind delivering money to the criminal, so fraud is a prerequisite for money delivery. I reached the result that if delivery did not happen, and the result not materialized, even so, criminal is not exempted from punishment, as he is considered an initiator of the crime, if he started committing one of fraud means, and delivery did not take place for a reason beyond his capacity. I clarified also the second element of fraud crime, which is the moral element, as it is in addition to the general intention of knowing about fraud, and the presence of the will to commit it, a special intention should be available as the criminal’s tendency for possessing the item he received from the victim, and when criminal intention is present in its aspects, the private and the public, the motive is no longer influential, as it is not any more considered a crime element, with no matter how noble the motive is behind fraud, it should not be happening. In the 3rd. chapter I looked into fraud sentence, and explained the sentence for the complete crime, and found that fraud sentence is maximized in the following circumstances; to insure a public position, upon the issue of shares and bonds, damaging the state’s or any public institution’s interests or fraud committed by a signature authorized person. Also pointed out that in some legislations, there are conditions that minimize fraud sentence, and even conditions that exempt from the sentence, if the crime took place between very close relative, except if it was upon the victim’s request, while minimizing sentence could get to the half as it is in the Jordanian Law, if resulted damage or benefit intended is trivial, or damage was totally removed before the case could reach the court, and found also that most legislations did not establish sentences beyond fraud crime stipulated sentence. Also looked into the sentence for initiating fraud crime as stipulated in law, and the caliber of the sentence. |
The relationship between the taxpayer the tax administration and its impact on tax payments and tax revenues
The relationship between the taxpayer the tax administration and its impact on tax payments and tax revenues PDF |
| Husam Fayez Ahmad A. Ghafowr |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Mohammad Sharga - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 185 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The relationship between the taxpayer and tax administration and its impact on tax payments. This study aimed at identifying the nature of relationship between taxpayers and tax administration through determining rights and duties of each of them , and impact of this relation on the level of tax payments. The researcher surveyed the related literature which helped in sitting the theoretical framework of the study , in addition to several individual meeting with concerned people like assessors tax department employees , accountants..etc. The study was conducted on a sample of ( 500 ) respondents selected by layer method through a questionnaire consisted from (30) items distributed over five domains. (SPSS) package was used to analyze collected data. The study decleared the following important findings at the level of paragraphs, domains and variables at the level of paragraphs, it declears that there were factors effect positively and others effect negatively on tax collection. From those which effected positively were, rejecting of tax assessors for social pressures, justice the taxpayer through deductions presented in the tax law, in addition to organizing the relationship between taxpayer and tax administration through the package of incentives and penalties presented in the tax law. The most important paragraphs which effected negatively on tax collection were neglecting the tax law for rules of justice for taxpayer, the law awareness of assessor about the fact and condition of taxpayers work, in addition to unclearity and misteriousity of some articles of Palestinian income tax law. At the level of domaians, the study showed that the identifying of the low for rights and obligations the taxpayers and tax administration effected positively on the relation ship between tax administration and taxpayers and conseguently on tax collection, were the domaion of Israeli occupation effected positively on tax collection. At the level of variables the study showed the following most important results : 1- There were difference regard effect of relationship between taxpayers and tax administration on tax payments due to job status and number of family members variables. 2- There were no difference due to taxpayers monthly income variable. The most important recommendations of the researcher were : The need for modifying the taxes ratio scales by legislators to suit with ability of pay of people , the same should be done for social exemptions. Enhancing the trust between taxpayers and tax administration to make the taxpayers feel justice. In addition to develop and expand taxation communities awareness. The researcher expected that these recommendations and others mentioned in the study will develop the relationship between taxpayers and tax administration which will reflected positively on tax payments. |
Comparative Study between Mathematics Curriculum in Jordan, Egypt, and Palestine for the Elementary Ninth Grade
Comparative Study between Mathematics Curriculum in Jordan, Egypt, and Palestine for the Elementary Ninth Grade PDF |
| Mahmoud Mohammed Al Iady |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. SallahYaseen - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 181 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study aims at conducting a comparison between mathematics textbooks in elementary ninth grade that’s applied in Palestine and that is of Jordan and Egypt through discussing the following: 1- The variance of mathematical topics represented by each curriculum according to country. 2- The educational objectives that is being measured for the ninth elementary grade in (Palestine, Jordan, and Egypt). 3- The variance in the level of the education objectives that is measured for the elementary ninth grade according to Bloom scale. In order to achieve the study objectives, content analysis is used to compare and contrast the three mathematic curriculums applied in Jordan, Egypt and Palestine; the following results were found: - Two matching units out five were found; that is 40% (5:2) between Jordanian and Palestinian mathematics textbooks, the same result is found in Jordanian and Egyptian mathematical textbooks. While there is one matching units between Egyptian and Palestinian mathematical curriculums out of five units, in a percentage of (20%). - there is a significant variance in educational objectives rates in mathematical topics presented in the Jordanian , Egyptian, and Palestinian mathematics curriculums, the study found that comprehension level is higher in the Jordanian curriculums, on the other hand, analysis level is the highest in the Egyptian textbook than that of the Jordanian and Palestinian textbooks. - there is a significant agreement in the educational objectives rates for in mathematical topics presented in ninth grade textbooks in the level of structure and it was higher in both Jordanian and Palestinians textbooks while it was absent in the Egyptian curriculums. - there was an obvious shortage of educational objectives levels in mathematical topics presented in the ninth grade text books of Jordan, Egypt, and Palestine in the levels of (analysis, structure, and evaluation( while it is higher in the Palestinian textbook. On the light of these study findings, the researcher made the following recommendations: The necessity of preparing a teacher guide for the new Palestinian mathematics textbook that present teaching methods and educational activities, moreover; the guide should include the solution for the textbook exercises. In addition, there should be a merge between theory and application in the mathematical curriculum through presenting daily life example and a connection between other fields like science, social sciences, languages, and Islamic study.etc. - Conducting training courses and workshops for mathematics teachers that discuss the pros and cons of the new mathematics curriculums and the degree of achievements of the educational objectives. Finally, the researcher recommends the necessity of encouraging teacher to apply computerized lessons in the new Palestinian textbooks. |
The relationship between patterns of leadership behavior and patterns of communication among academic administrators from the standpoint of the facult
The relationship between patterns of leadership behavior and patterns of communication among academic administrators from the standpoint of the faculty members in the Palestinian universities PDF |
| Raef Shehadeh Naief Shehadeh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| D. Ghassan Alhelw - الأستاذ الدكتور عبد الناصر القدومي |
| Discussion Commity |
| 141 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study aimed at finding the relationship between patterns of leadership behavior and patterns of communication among academic administrators from the standpoint of the faculty members in the Palestinian universities, through answering the following questions: 1) What are the patterns of leadership behavior prevailing among academic administrators from the standpoint of the faculty members in the Palestinian universities? 2) What are the prevailing patterns of communication among academic administrators from the view of the faculty members in the Palestinian universities? 3) What is the relationship between patterns of leadership behavior and patterns of communication among academic administrators from the view of the faculty members in the Palestinian universities? 4) Are there any significant statistical mean differences at (a = 0.05) in each of patterns of leadership behavior and patterns of communication among academic administrators from the view of the faculty members in the Palestinian universities attributed to variables of (sex, scientific qualification, practical experience, and university). A sample of (400) faculty members in the Palestinian universities members representing 26.4% of the study population was selected from An-Najah National University , Beir Zeit University , BethLehem University , Hebron University, and the Arab American university. The researcher used two questionnaires for this purpose ; one of them was used to measure patterns of leadership behavior , the questionnaire was developed by the researcher Alasili (1999), and used by the researcher Abdel Rahman (2001), it has been modified and developed to suit the current study , it is composed of (39) statements distributed on three patterns : ( dictatorship pattern , democratic pattern, allowance pattern). The second questionnaire was used to measure to measure patterns of communication, it was developed and used by the researcher Ahmed (1997) and it has been developed and modified to suit the current study, it is composed of (55) statements distributed on four fields: (pattern of written communication, pattern of oral communication, pattern of communication upon its trends (methods), and pattern of communication through symbols, movements and expressions) The two questionnaire were checked and proved to have a good degree of validity and reliability. The results showed that the pattern of democratic leadership is prevailing among the academic administrators in the Palestinian universities, followed by the dictatorial pattern , then the lasiar far pattern .And regarding the patterns of communication ,the results indicated that the pattern of communication through symbols, movements and expressions is the prevailing pattern among the academic administrators in Palestinian universities followed the pattern of verbal communication then the pattern of written communication , and finally the pattern of communication upon its trends (methods ). The results showed that there were no significant statistical mean differences at (a = 0.05) in each of patterns of leadership behavior and patterns of communication among academic administrators from the view of the faculty members in the Palestinian universities attributed to variables of (sex, scientific qualification, practical experience). And there were significant statistical differences at (a = 0.05) in each of patterns of leadership behavior and patterns of communication among academic administrators from the view of the faculty members in the Palestinian universities attributed to variable of university. The results also showed that there were a correlation between the patterns of leadership behavior and patterns of communication among academic administrators in the Palestinian universities, and the democratic pattern was the highest in correlation between patterns of leadership. |
The Status of Crisis Management and Proposed Alternatives as Perceived by the Palestinian Leaders of Civic and Security Institutions
The Status of Crisis Management and Proposed Alternatives as Perceived by the Palestinian Leaders of Civic and Security Institutions PDF |
| Tawfeeq Mohammed Hussein Al – Terawi |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Dr. Abel Naser Qadumi - د.غسان الحلو |
| Discussion Commity |
| 152 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of crisis management and proposed alternatives as perceived by the Palestinian leaders of civic and security institutions , moreover, the study aims at recognizing the effects of study variables : (work field, academic qualifications, experience, and district). to achieve study purposes, a sample of (473) subjects from civic and security institutions were selected. A questionnaire which consisted of (118) items was distributed on the sample, the questionnaire is divided into four domains (political crisis, security crisis, economic crisis, and managerial crisis). Reliability coefficient was (0.97) which is considered suitable for the study purposes, the study aimed at answering the following questions: 1- what are the status of crisis management and proposed alternatives as perceived by the Palestinian leaders of civic and security institutions? 2- Are there any statistically significant differences at (α=0.05) in the status of crisis management as perceived by the Palestinian leaders of civic and security institutions due to the work field variable? 3- Are there any statistically significant differences at (α=0.05) in the status of crisis management as perceived by the Palestinian leaders of civic and security institutions due to the academic qualifications variable? 4- Are there any statistically significant differences at (α=0.05) in the status of crisis management as perceived by the Palestinian leaders of civic and security institutions due to the experience variable? 5- Are there any statistically significant differences at (α=0.05) in the status of crisis management as perceived by the Palestinian leaders of civic and security institutions due to the district variable? Study data was collected and analyzed by SPSS, using means, frequencies, independent t-test, One Way ANOVA, and Scheffes post – hoc test, the study reached the following results: The total degree of the status of crisis management as perceived by the Palestinian leaders of civic and security institutions was very high , where the percentage of response was (87%), and the rank order of crisis domains where as follow: domain of political crisis (89.4%), domain of economic crisis (86.6%), domain of security crisis(86%) and in the last rank domain of managerial crisis (85%). The study concluded a list of 20 alternatives for solving such crisis. Furthermore , the results revealed a significant differences at (α=0.05) in the status of crisis management as perceived by the Palestinian leaders of civic and security institutions according to (work field, experience, and district) variables. while there was no significant difference due to academic qualification variable. Based on the study findings, the researcher recommended the following recommendations: 1- Necessity of taking consideration the findings of this study by decision makers in the PNA. Furthermore, emphasizing on the necessity of building Palestinian institutions according to clear and correct standards. The study findings managed to list 20 alternatives for such crisis which were arranged according to its importance. 2- Conducting special training courses and workshops in the field of crisis management for all decision makers in both civic and security institutions in Palestine. 3- Conducting other similar studies in the field of crisis management in all Palestinian national authority sectors. |
Organization Climate in the Public Secondary Schools in North Palestine From the Points of View of the Teachers
Organization Climate in the Public Secondary Schools in North Palestine From the Points of View of the Teachers PDF |
| Fatima Abdel Qader Ahmed Al Qadoumi |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ghassan Al-hilew - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 149 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study aimed at recognizes the organization climate in the public secondary schools in north Palestine from the points of view of the teachers who are working there through responding of the following questions: What is the degree of the organizational climate in the public secondary school in the districts of north Palestine from the points of view of the teachers working there? There are no differences at significant scare (α = 0.05) between the evaluations of the workers for the organizational climate in the public secondary schools in the districts of north Palestine referring to the social type, academic qualification, place of living, experience in teaching, age. To achieve the aims of this study, the researcher-after examining different studies such as the study of The Rifa’e, Qatawneh, Al-Masri, Jarrar, Suleiman, Arrbeiat, Athiabat, Althonabiat, Okashah, Qutainah and others- developed questionnaire which included (63) items distributed at 7 fields: communication organization and administration, students, public society, pupils parents, co-operation, the conditions of work and administrative regulations. These fields are put to evaluate the organizational climate. After that, its items were replaced according to their suggestions and recommendations. Then, constancy was estimated through the use of Cronbach equation alpha which reached 0.95 To examine the situation of the organizational climate in the 7 northern Palestinian districts (Nablus, Tulkarem, Qaiqalia, Salfeet, Jenin, Qabatiah, Tubas). The average, guage devation for the organizational climate was estimated and to recognize the situation of the organizational climate in these schools, the percentages were calculated. The results of this study referred to; 1- The positive climate dominated, (70.8) from the sample of the study )se it) whereas (29.2%) chose the negative organizational climate. 2- There were no clear statistic differences at Likert scale (α = 0.05) in the situation of organizational climate in Palestinian northern districts secondary schools from the teachers’ point of view in the fields of 9cornmuincation, domestic society, pupil’s parents and co-operation referring to the social type, whereas the differences were clear in the fields of organization and administration regulations). The organizational climate was also better at female schools than male ones. 3- There are no clear differences at Likert scale (α = 0.05) in the situation of the organizational climate in the public secondary schools in northern Palestine districts from the teachers point of view referring to the academic qualification.
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Conceptual and Practical Indicators of Good Governance at Local Palestinian Authorities
Conceptual and Practical Indicators of Good Governance at Local Palestinian Authorities PDF |
| Ayman Taha hasan Ahmad |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Hussein Al-Araj - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 202 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study aimed at identifying the reality of conceptual and practical indicators of good governance at the local Palestinian authorities and the extent of the application of its principles from the viewpoint of the members and chairpersons of the local Palestinian authorities and their employees. The study also aimed at determining the role of each variable including: number of the board of authority, its classification, sources of financing local Palestinian authorities, method of forming their councils, academic qualifications of their members, knowing the regulations and laws of local authorities by their crews. This study included a case study of Qalqilia Governorate and its villages. The study population consisted of the chairpersons, members, and employees of the local Palestinian authorities at the Qalqilia Governorate. The study sample consisted of 260 questionnaires distributed on the chairpersons, members, managers and one of the employees of the local Palestinian authorities. The sample was taken at a percentage of 100 % of the study population. To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher designed and used a questionnaire based on some of the literature related to the study subject. The questionnaire consisted of seven parts each of which measured one indicator of the good governance indicators. Each part included five items, making a total of 35 items in the questionnaire. The researcher verified the validity of the questionnaire by qualified experienced arbitrators from An-Najah National University. Validity coefficient was calculated by the researcher using the alpha Chronbach coefficient for internal coherence. To answer the study question, to measure the ranges and indicators, and to test the hypotheses, the researcher used a number of statistical procedures. Findings The study reached the following findings: · The total degree of responding to the fields of good governance indicators was medium. The order of responding to the fields of good governance indicators is in descending order as follows: 1) There is a real presence of the integrity indicator at the local Palestinian authorities, as the percentage of response reached 67.8 % i.e. a medium evaluation. 2) There is a real presence of the efficiency and effectiveness indicator at the local Palestinian authorities, as the percentage of response reached 67.6 % i.e. a medium evaluation. 3) There is a real presence of the questioning and law enforcement indicator at the local Palestinian authorities, as the percentage of response reached 67.4 % i.e. a medium evaluation. 4) There is a real presence of the transparency indicator at the local Palestinian authorities, as the percentage of response reached 67.2% i.e. a medium evaluation. 5) There is a real presence of the decentralization and independency indicator at the local Palestinian authorities, as the percentage of response reached 66 % i.e. a medium evaluation. 6) There is a real presence of the satisfying the needs of the community indicator at the local Palestinian authorities, as the percentage of response reached 63 % i.e. a medium evaluation. 7) There is a real presence of the community participation indicator at the local Palestinian authorities, as the percentage of response reached 62.8 % i.e. a medium evaluation. · The study findings showed that the variable of the academic qualification of the members of the local Palestinian authorities and their numbers do not affect good governance at the authorities. · There is a significant positive relationship between the knowledge of the members of the local Palestinian authorities of the laws and regulations applied at their authorities and the reality of good governance at their authorities. The more the members of the local Palestinian authorities are knowledgeable of the laws and regulations, the more they are committed to the principles of good governance and moving towards it. · There is a significant relationship between the classification of the local Palestinian authorities and the reality of good governance. If the local authority is classified as a municipality, this classification will be a reason for raising the reality of good governance indicators and its commitment. · There is a significant relationship between the method of forming the local Palestinian authorities and the reality of good governance in it. This means that if the method of forming the authority is based on elections, it will supply a suitable basis for applying the characteristics of good governance. Recommendations The study put forward the following recommendations: · The local Palestinian authorities law should be reconsidered so that they will be granted more decentralized authorities and to abstain from interfering in their affairs to ensure their independency. · It is necessary to complete the laws and regulations related to the work of the local Palestinian authorities and involving them in their formulation such as personnel system. · Efforts should be made to raise the levels of the efficiency and effectiveness of the local Palestinian authorities and their members, to put forward criteria for their nomination, and to be committed to the systems and drafts that call for applying the principles of good governance. To carry out further similar studies to recognize the variables that affect and ensure the application of good governance. |
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT AND COST SAVING MEASURES IN SOME DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES IN PALESTINE
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT AND COST SAVING MEASURES IN SOME DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES IN PALESTINE PDF |
| Eng. Basel Tahseen Qasem Yaseen |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Imad H. Ibrik - د. وليد الكخن |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1. Dr. Imad H. Ibrik (First Supervisor) 2. Dr. Waleed Al Kokhon (Second Supervisor) 3. Dr.Abd Alkareem Daoud (External Examiner) 4. Prof. Marwan Mahmoud (Internal Examiner) |
| 178 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
In the thirty-three years since the first oil crises in 1973, there have been a number of studies of industrial energy use and the potential for energy conservation in industry of developed countries which have resulted in significant improvement in the efficient use of energy. The developing countries are still in the process of gaining momentum in this field and are learning from the experiences of the industrialized nations. The energy situation in Palestine, the efficient use of energy and energy conservation in industry is not in a better condition than most developing countries. In this thesis we tried to establish a start or a beginning step toward the efficient use of energy and energy conservation in industry through conducting energy analysis of industrial consumption in Palestine and through conducting energy audits in some industries in Palestine (Al Safa Dairy Factory, Al Carton Factory, Al Arz Ice –Cream Factory and Al Aqqad Textile Factory) which they considered high energy consumers and allocate the potential for energy savings opportunities. This research aims to investigate the potential of energy conservation opportunities in some Palestinian industrial facilities. The main objective of the investigation is to identify the most energy intensive areas of the industries and suggest measures which can be implemented to conserve energy or reduce energy consumption. It was showed that there is a decent potential for energy savings in the audited industrial facilities. The savings in electric energy was around 277,800 kWh per year and the fuel savings around 66,000 liters per year. On the national level (10 to 20%) savings from the total energy consumption in the industrial sector could be achieved by implementing some energy conservation measures (no and low cost investment) on the most energy consumption equipment in the facility such as boilers, compressors, lighting system and low power factor. Besides decreasing the demand on energy that enhancing the national economy, there is a huge reduction in the environmental emissions such as CO2 (175 tons reduction). |
The Role of the United States of America in the Democratic transformation process in Palestine (George Bush's Term of Office 2001-2006)
The Role of the United States of America in the Democratic transformation process in Palestine (George Bush's Term of Office 2001-2006) PDF |
| Qusai A. Hamed |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ra'ed Nu'airat - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 243 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study investigated a subject that has been increasingly talked about since 2001 in terms of its dimensions, justifications and timing. This subject marks a new stage or a turning point in the history of the Palestinian Authority (PA). The researcher tackled the role of the USA in effecting a democratic change in Palestine against the backdrop of the American foreign policy's interest in reformation in the wake of the 11 September 2001 events. Since then, the American political discourse has mainly focused on fighting «terrorism» and proliferation of democracy in the Middle East. The issue of PA's reformation gained momentum and was raised at a time when the American policy was moving towards new changes in its attitude towards the Middle East. It has begun to set up new strategies to protect its interests and tighten its control and influence in the whole region. At the same time, the Israeli-Palestinian issue has experienced a state of rupture in the wake of the failure of settlement efforts and restoration of calm between the two sides. Against this backdrop, the American-Palestinians relations have gradually been affected. These relations have witnessed a state of deterioration, thus forcing the American administration to draw up a new policy towards the PA. This is partly attributed to the Palestinian leadership political behavior which sent messages about the difficulty of raising the ceiling of the Palestinian demands to match Israel's reservations concerning its security. All these combined have necessitated a reevaluation of the role the Palestinian leadership has played in the whole peace process and how it has contributed to the impediment of a settlement agreement. Against this background, the researcher's first hypothesis is that the US's need to reach a Palestinian-Israeli agreement, which serves its strategic interests and goals in the Middle East and its aspiration to protect Israeli security, has become a motivation as well as an argument to ask the PA to introduce political reformations and transformation toward democratization of governance. The researcher's second hypothesis is that serving these interests and the nature of the Israeli-American relations and the issue of settlement are the major determinants for the US's acceptance of democratic change in the PA. To test these two hypotheses, the researcher used the historical method to trace the development of the Israeli-American relations and how the Palestinian cause has begun to crystallize in the American politician's mind set and how this cause is receiving a burgeoning importance from the American foreign policy makers. In addition, the researcher used the analytical method to investigate the role of the American foreign policy in effecting a democratic change in Palestine. To this end, the researcher analyzed the goals and strategies which the American foreign policy has set up and employed in dealing with the Palestinian political system between 2001-2006 (the time determinants of the study). The researcher also dwelt on the American political trends towards the Palestinian political system after the presidential and legislative elections. In this respect, the researcher analyzed the most salient of these trends and the degree of agreement with the hypotheses. This study was divided into four chapters. Chapter one was devoted to the structure of the study, its objectives, problem and methodology. In addition, the researcher provided a survey of previous literature on the various aspects of the study. Chapter two provided a historical framework for the study and was divided into two sections. Section one traced the development of the USA's relationship with the Palestinian cause and how its interest in fostering its relations with Israel started and increased after taking a decision to play influential roles in the international policy after the Second World War. The researcher has concluded that the American policy has always been employed to the investment of Israel's military, economic and scientific superiority as a strategic source in the region. Its positions towards the Palestinian cause have been in full harmony with the requirements for Israel's superiority. This has led her to work to break up some Arab countries' alliance with the ex-Soviet Union and include them in the American alliances. Therefore, the American move to settle the conflict has been motivated by its desire to achieve a settlement which allows Israel to enjoy stability on the security level and neutralize the Arab countries' threats to it, and to give the latter an opportunity to integrate in the Middle East through economic cooperation and pave the way for more integration in the region. In the second section of chapter two, the researcher explained the political and ideological changes which affected the Palestinian political trends particularly concerning the attitude towards the Palestinian state and the strategies for its realization. The researcher has found a sharp decline in the Palestinian attitude towards the nature of this would- be- state in comparison with the foundations of the PLO's and Hamas's covenants. This perception puts aside all ideas on which these covenants have been built. These covenants once included the talk about a state from the River Jordan to the Mediterranean Sea (the Palestinian homeland). There has also been a change in the strategies to achieve this state. It has become crystal clear in the current discourse from the talk about the idea of armed struggle as the method to full liberation to a talk about the possibility of a political settlement (according to the PLO) and its acceptance as an option (by Hamas) at a time when the latter was categorically against it. This is in addition to Hamas's readiness for a long-term hudna (truce) with Israel. The researcher attributed this retraction in Palestinian political attitudes to the absence of a unified Palestinian working strategy to meet the challenges and international developments. This is in addition to the Palestinians' overweighing of internal factors in facing objective circumstances. The desire of the Palestinian factions to keep themselves in the circle of influence in the Arab-Israeli conflict and to monopolize the Palestinian decision, have pushed them to adapt their policies in return for achieving an international recognition for their legitimacy. In chapter three, the researcher tackled the changes which took place, at the international arena, after the events of Sept 11, 2001 and their repercussions on the American foreign policy towards the Middle East. The researcher, in this context, shed light on the extent of the effect of these changes on the US's concept of national security and the expansion of its perceptions towards its protection. The researcher also highlighted how this change has contributed to the kicking off of a comprehensive policy and has effected political, economic, cultural and social reformations in the Middle Eastern societies, thus allowing it to play a leading role in the international foreign policy and an intervention in internal policies and affairs of countries, as well as monitoring these countries' policies in fighting «terror» and fostering principles of freedom and democracy. The researcher also investigated the American role in the reformation of the PA. He highlighted the political, economic and cultural strategies the American foreign policy makers employed to achieve the coveted reformations in the context of its perception of the outputs of the reformation process and what this reformation will achieve in the region. The researcher shed light on visions and perceptions which the US is expecting as outputs of the process of democratic change and how these meet its general policy towards the Middle East and the visions it has drawn up to reform it. The researcher concluded that the US has resorted to the reformation of the PA and to the change of the Palestinian political leadership due to its weakness to present serious initiatives to solve the conflict and put pressure on Israel to show more flexibility, in sensitive issues, in the settlement process. The US resort to reformation came as an attempt to change the Palestinian foundations on hard core issues in the negotiations and change their perceptions which are based on international legal resolutions. The US has wanted to introduce new perceptions which take into consideration the de facto on the ground particularly concerning the issues of refugees, Jerusalem and settlements. It was also an attempt from the US to effect changes in the Palestinian cultural environment which accordingly leads to a change in the political environment on the basis of promoting new perceptions and alternatives to solve the Palestinian cause and focus on dealing with the requirements of the solution and its potential in a realistic way taking into consideration the changes on the ground and the unrealistic implementation of the UN resolutions, return of the refugees, the Palestinian control of Jerusalem and the dismantle of settlements. In chapter four, the researcher analyzed the American political towards of the PA after the latter's realization of some of the reformation demands. The holding of pluralistic elections was a case in point. The researcher provided an analysis of the American administration policy and its orientations in the wake of the developments which the Palestinian political life has witnessed and the link between the goals, positions and means adopted concerning the Palestinian political system. One of the results of this analysis is that the US has focused on pushing forward the resumption of the peace process and the strengthening of the moderate party in the PA, thus allowing the speeding up of the signing of an agreement which includes establishment of a temporary Palestinian state and putting on the shelf the final status issues. The US also has wanted to invest the Israeli vision based on a unilateral solution and put it in the context of Road Map achievements. This clearly proves that USA has never had a clear cut policy toward the settlement of the Palestinian question. Rather, it has always counted on investment of the Israeli steps and setting them up in the context of a two-state solution vision. To tune up these steps with the speeding up of steps to arrive at an Israeli-Palestinian agreement, it was necessary for the US to abort any attempt that might strengthen Palestinian negotiating position, which would possibly enable Palestinian to stay firm on more sensitive issues which would in turn delay any conclusion of agreement on this track. Therefore, it has always worked to keep a state of rupture within the Palestinian camp particularly between Fateh and Hamas movements. This was crystal clear after the Mecca accord which secured a Palestinian consensus concerning the international demands. It made strenuous efforts to keep them under its pressure. The researcher believes that the American administration has benefited from Palestinians' keeping the negotiations on the shoulders of the PLO, thus preventing them from rendering any reforms in the structure and hierarchy of the PLO on Palestinian national foundations within Palestinian determinants for the framework and priorities of negotiations before participating in the negotiation process. In the final analysis, the Palestinian party has remained weak, the negotiations have continued but without allowing the Palestinian parties to play a role that may strengthen the Palestinian negotiating position.
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